superglue can really mess the guitars finish up and it pretty much sticks within a second.
That's very true, and because it's so thin it can run all over the place and the damage is done before you can mop it up, no matter how quick you are. I buy superglue in the "one drop at a time" bottles, but even then it can splurge out suddenly and screw things up.
Of course there's also thicker "gel" superglue, which might do the trick. It's not runny, but I don't know if it still sets really fast.
In his
Guitar Player repair book Dan Erlewine mentions "hide glue" or "white glue" but I don't know exactly what they are - I assumed "white glue" was wood glue, but I wasn't sure if it would stick well to the nut material.